SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS Structure of a Flower Flowers...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.2)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and...
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Pollination Pollination is a crucial step in the sexual reproduction...
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS Outbreeding devices: Outbreeding devices, also...
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Double Fertilization: Within the embryo sac, there are two female...
Read MoreHUMAN REPRODUCTION
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.1)
HUMAN REPRODUCTION THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: The male reproductive system...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.2)
The human female reproductive system is a complex and highly...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.3)
Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle is a natural, monthly process...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.4)
Pregnancy & Placenta Formation Pregnancy and placenta formation are closely...
Read MoreREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 3 (NOTES 3.1)
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES Reproductive health is a...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 3 (NOTES 3.2)
Natural contraceptive Natural contraceptive methods, also known as fertility awareness-based...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 3 (NOTES 3.3)
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) he intentional or voluntary termination...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 3 (NOTES 3.4)
INFERTILITY Infertility Concerns: Many couples worldwide, including in India, face...
Read MorePRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.1)
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.2)
INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE The inheritance of a single gene,...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.3)
INHERITANCE OF TWO GENES The inheritance of two genes, also...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.4)
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE Polygenic Traits: Polygenic traits are those that are...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.5)
SEX DETERMINATION Initial Clues: Early investigations into the mechanisms of...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 4 (NOTES 4.6)
GENETIC DISORDERS Pedigree Analysis Pedigree analysis is a systematic study...
Read MoreMOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.1)
THE DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.2)
Add Your Heading Text Here The search for genetic material...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.3)
RNA WORLD The “RNA world” hypothesis is a scientific theory...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.5)
Transcription Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.4)
REPLICATION The proposal by James Watson and Francis Crick in...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.6)
Genetic Code The deciphering of the genetic code was indeed...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.7)
TRANSLATION Translation is the process of converting the information encoded...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.8)
Regulation of gene expression Regulation of gene expression is a...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.9)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) The Human Genome Project (HGP)...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 5 (NOTES 5.10)
DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Uniformity: Nearly 99.9% of the human DNA...
Read MoreEVOLUTION
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.1)
ORIGIN OF LIFE Looking at Stars: Stars observed at night...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.3)
WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION? 1. Paleontological Evidence Fossils...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.2)
EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A THEORY Traditional religious literature...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.4)
WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION? Definition: Adaptive radiation is a biological...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.9)
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN 15 Million Years Ago (mya):...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.8)
A Brief Account of Evolution Early Cellular Life (2000 mya):...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.7)
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE Gene Allele Frequencies: In a population, the frequency...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.6)
Mechanism of Evolution: Variation and Speciation Origin of Variation: The...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 6 (NOTES 6.5)
Biological Evolution: Key Concepts and Natural Selection Origin of Evolution:...
Read MoreHUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 7 (NOTES 7.1)
COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS Introduction Various pathogens cause diseases in...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 7 (NOTES 7.2)
IMMUNITY Introduction The human body is constantly exposed to infectious...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 7 (NOTES 7.3)
AIDS Introduction AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, signifying...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 7 (NOTES 7.4)
CANCER Overview Cancer is a highly dreaded disease that ranks...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 7 (NOTES 7.5)
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE Introduction Concerns regarding the increasing use...
Read MoreMICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.1)
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Microbes play a crucial role in...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.2)
MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Fermented Beverages Microbes, particularly yeasts like...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.3)
Microbes in Sewage Treatment Wastewater Composition: Large quantities generated daily...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.4)
MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS Microbes in Biogas Production: Biogas,...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.5)
MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS Microbes in Biocontrol: Biocontrol uses biological...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 8 (NOTES 8.6)
MICROBES AS BIOFERTILISERS Biofertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture: Environmental concerns linked...
Read MorePRINCIPLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 9 (NOTES 9.1)
Principles of Biotechnology Biotechnology Overview: Involves techniques using live organisms...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 9 (NOTES 9.2)
TOOLS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Restriction Enzymes: Unraveling the Molecular...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 9 (NOTES 9.3)
PROCESSES OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA Technology: Step-by-Step Overview...
Read MoreAPPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 10 (NOTES 10.1)
Focuses on industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals. Utilizes genetically...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 10 (NOTES 10.2)
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE Recombinant DNA Technology in Healthcare: Mass...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 10 (NOTES 10.3)
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Definition: Animals manipulated to possess and express foreign...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 10 (NOTES 10.4)
ETHICAL ISSUES Navigating Ethical Waters in Genetic Manipulation Need for...
Read MoreORGANISM & POPULATION
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 11 (NOTES 11.1)
Organism and population Unveiling Nature’s Complexity: A Biologist’s Quest Nature’s...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 11 (NOTES 11.2)
Population Growth Unraveling Population Dynamics: The Ebb and Flow Population...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 11 (NOTES 11.3)
Population Interaction Population Interactions in Nature Diverse Natural Habitats: No...
Read MoreECOSYSTEM
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 12 (NOTES 12.1)
ECOSYSTEM Exploring Ecosystems: Nature’s Interplay Ecosystem Overview: Functional Unit: An...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 12 (NOTES 12.3)
DECOMPOSITION Decomposition Demystified: Nature’s Recycling Rhapsody Earthworms: Nature’s Tillers: Farmers’...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 12 (NOTES 12.4)
ENERGY FLOW The flow of energy in ecosystems is a...
Read MoreBIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 13 (NOTES 13.2)
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity? 1. Narrowly Utilitarian...
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CLASS XII – CHAPTER 13 (NOTES 13.1)
BIODIVERSITY The extraordinary diversity of life on Earth is indeed...
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