What are Living Organisms Made Up of?
Living organisms are made up of cells, which are the fundamental units of life. Cells are the smallest functional and structural units that can perform all the processes necessary for…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.4)
Pregnancy & Placenta Formation Pregnancy and placenta formation are closely intertwined processes that play a crucial role in the development and nourishment of the developing embryo and fetus. The placenta…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.3)
Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle is a natural, monthly process that occurs in women of reproductive age. It involves a series of physiological changes in the female reproductive system and…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.2)
The human female reproductive system is a complex and highly specialized system responsible for the production of female gametes (eggs or ova), the nurturing of a developing embryo, and the…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 2 (NOTES 2.1)
HUMAN REPRODUCTION THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: The male reproductive system in humans is responsible for the production and delivery of sperm, which are necessary for fertilization of the female's egg…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.5)
Double Fertilization: Within the embryo sac, there are two female gametes, the egg cell (ovum) and two polar nuclei. These are produced by the megagametophyte during megasporogenesis.When the pollen tube…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.4)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS Outbreeding devices: Outbreeding devices, also known as mechanisms for promoting outcrossing, are strategies employed by flowering plants (angiosperms) to enhance genetic diversity by promoting cross-pollination…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.3)
Pollination Pollination is a crucial step in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants (angiosperms). It involves the transfer of pollen, which contains the male gametes (sperm cells), from the anther…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.2)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and Embryo sac The pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower in flowering plants (angiosperms). It plays a central…
CLASS XII – CHAPTER 1 (NOTES 1.1)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS Structure of a Flower Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms). Sexual reproduction in plants involves the formation of seeds, leading to the…