THE LIVING WORLD
How wonderful is the living world ! The wide range of living types is amazing. The extraordinary habitats in which we find living organisms, be it cold mountains, deciduous forests, oceans, fresh water lakes, deserts or hot springs, leave us speechless
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Biological classification, also known as taxonomy, is the science of organizing and categorizing living organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
PLANT KINGDOM
The plant kingdom, also known as Plantae, encompasses a diverse group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
The animal kingdom, or Animalia, comprises a diverse group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms characterized by heterotrophic nutrition and the presence of specialized tissues and organ systems.
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
The morphology of flowering plants involves the study of their external and internal structures, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANT
The anatomy of flowering plants involves the study of their internal structures and tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
Structural organization in animals refers to the arrangement of tissues, organs, and organ systems that enable animals to carry out essential functions for survival.
CELL: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, serving as the fundamental building block of all living organisms.
BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules are classified into four main groups based on their chemical composition and structure: Carbohydrates: Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. They serve as a source of energy and structural components in cells.
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
The cell cycle is a highly regulated process that encompasses the series of events through which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides to produce two daughter cells.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
Photosynthesis in higher plants is a complex biochemical process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, typically from the sun, into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Plant respiration is a metabolic process in which plants utilize oxygen to break down organic molecules, such as glucose, to release energy for cellular activities.
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Plant growth refers to the increase in size and biomass of a plant over time. Growth occurs through cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
Breathing and the exchange of gases are vital processes that ensure the supply of oxygen (O2) for cellular respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced as a waste product.
BODY FLUID AND CIRCULATION
The circulatory system is a crucial part of the body’s physiology, responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
Excretory products are waste substances produced by metabolic processes in the body that need to be eliminated to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxicity.
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
Locomotion and movement are essential physiological processes that enable organisms to change position, explore their environment, find resources, and escape from threats.
NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Neural control and coordination refer to the regulation of bodily functions and responses to stimuli by the nervous system.
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION
Chemical coordination and integration in organisms involve the regulation of physiological processes through the release and action of hormones.